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external
In economics, an externality is an indirect cost or benefit to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity. Externalities can be considered as unpriced goods involved in either consumer or producer market transactions. Air pollution from motor vehicles is one example. The cost of air pollution to society is not paid by either the producers or users of motorized transport to the rest of society. Water pollution from mills and factories is another example. We are all made worse off by pollution but are not compensated by the market for this damage. A positive externality is when an individual's consumption in a market increases the well-being of others, but the individual does not charge the third party for the benefit. The third party is essentially getting a free product. An example of this might be the apartment above a bakery receiving the benefit of enjoyment from smelling fresh pastries every morning. The people who live in the apartment do not compensate the bakery for this benefit. The concept of externality was first developed by economist Arthur Pigou in the 1920s. The prototypical example of a negative externality is environmental pollution. Pigou argued that a tax, equal to the marginal damage or marginal external cost, (later called a "Pigouvian tax") on negative externalities could be used to reduce their incidence to an efficient level. Subsequent thinkers have debated whether it is preferable to tax or to regulate negative externalities, the optimally efficient level of the Pigouvian taxation, and what factors cause or exacerbate negative externalities, such as providing investors in corporations with limited liability for harms committed by the corporation.Externalities often occur when the production or consumption of a product or service's private price equilibrium cannot reflect the true costs or benefits of that product or service for society as a whole. This causes the externality competitive equilibrium to not adhere to the condition of Pareto optimality. Thus, since resources can be better allocated, externalities are an example of market failure.Externalities can be either positive or negative. Governments and institutions often take actions to internalize externalities, thus market-priced transactions can incorporate all the benefits and costs associated with transactions between economic agents. The most common way this is done is by imposing taxes on the producers of this externality. This is usually done similar to a quote where there is no tax imposed and then once the externality reaches a certain point there is a very high tax imposed. However, since regulators do not always have all the information on the externality it can be difficult to impose the right tax. Once the externality is internalized through imposing a tax the competitive equilibrium is now Pareto optimal.
For example, manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of individuals who choose to fire-proof their homes may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.
Hi all,
I'm tiling quarry tiles over the existing quarry tiles on my next job but am wondering if i need to prep the current surface before laying the new tiles?
Hopefully this good weather will continue so I can get it finished!!
Cheers everyone.
Craig.
Hi,
I am tiling my bathroom, and do not have much experience of tiling and I am finding it quite heavy going!
I was wondering if some kind soul could help me with a question that I've got regarding using tile trim on the external corner formed by the window recess? I have bought some...
Got a phone call tonight ,customer wanting an outside area tiled 6-8 m2 onto a concrete slab.all he knows is he is wanting black tiles.having not done this before i said i would come round on sat morn to see him.But of the top of my head i reccomended porcelain tiles as i know they are frost...
A bit new to tiling but I grouted some outdoor steps and was planning to wash down grout after about 30 mins but was called away by something i coudnt get out of- when i got back to the job 24hrs later I'm finding it very difficult to clean off the grout its set all over the tiles- i'm using a...
Hello,
I'm currently in the process of trying to beautify our front path.
The current path is a concrete slab in good condition, and is about 3 metres long and 1 metre wide (actually the slab extends to about 4 metres wide, but the piece for the path is 1 metre wide). The concrete also has...
I'm about to tile an external step the surface of the step will take one and a half tiles, can you tell me does the cut tile go nearest the wall or at the edge? Also do i need to seal the tiles before grouting? thanks
Hi,
I'm having my firs foray into tiling and I'm getting on OK, except for the only external corner that I've got to deal with. My tiles are 6.5mm. The only trim I could find was either 9mm or 6mm. I bought and affixed some 6mm as I thought I'd just butt up to it and grout the space. However...
Hi,
I'm having my firs foray into tiling and I'm getting on OK, except for the only external corner that I've got to deal with. My tiles are 6.5mm. The only trim I could find was either 9mm or 6mm. I bought and affixed some 6mm as I thought I'd just butt up to it and grout the space. However...
how do you plan setting out for external corners?? is it acceptable to use cut tiles or do you try to use full tiles. what if the walls are not plumb.... ensuite to do and was wondering if cuts are ok
I have a patio area round my house in Italy, the tiles are laid on a concrete base, with originally a thick layer of sand (there are rooms below the patio), and some kind of adhesive. The sand is disappearing, tiles are coming loose and are cracking. Lifting some of the worst tiles I can see...
I needed 15mm ply to frame the front of my bath ready for tiling. My only source was B&Q but they did not have 15mm.
Instead I used 15mm external wood board. It looks like large wood shavings and slivers of wood compressed. It is abbreviated as OSB board on the receipt.
The B&Q section...
Recently tiled an external step with quarry tiles. After grouting I sealed it with Thompsons Water Seal to help protect against frost. I should have read these forums first. The seal didn't really soak in and now the tiles are a pain to keep clean as there's a very slight sticky residue. I'd...
Hi Guys, I will be doing a set of steps soon with quarry tiles and using roll edge and corners. My question is, is it normal to use roll edge tiles on the end of the riser as well. The steps are to have the sides tiled as well.
Hopefully there will be an attachement showing the steps!!
Grumpy
Hi I work for a local autority in the North West and am commisioning work for the re tiling of 6 subways in my area. The problem is as a landscape Architect it is a little out of my specialism and am concerned that I may specify the wrong type of tile.
The subways in question are a mixture of...
Hello All,
I have just been given the contract for 6 flats in my local area by an established builders firm. The tiling required is walls and floors for bathrooms and kitchens, using mostly large porcelain tiles.
My question is that the builders want all external miters put in...
I've been asked by a friend to tile the external steps leading up to his front door and also the path at the bottom. I've did internal tiling jobs before,but this is the first time i've been asked to do one for outside.
Apart from using the correct tiles,adhesive and grout,would anybody suggest...
I have just looked at a job in a flat with a 6m x 3m terrace balcony. The surface is asphalted to protect the flat below, and there are cheap and ugly non-slip concrete tiles applied by the builder about 10 years ago. It looks like they were glued on as they are laid tight to the asphalt with no...
roylec
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Hi,
I'm tiling half way up a window reveal so I have two external corners to put trim around. Trouble is I can't work out how to do the joins where the three trims meet (horizontal along wall / horizontal out of the window reveal / vertical up the window reveal). :confused:
Can anyone help...
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